英语语言学总框架思维导图

帮助快速了解语言学的总体内容，简单快捷！英语语言学课程由三个知识模块组成：理论启蒙、基础理论、研究方法。 理论启蒙模块内容涉及英语的词汇知识、语音知识、语法知识、 修辞 知识、 语体 知识、 英语变体 、英语学习策略等。

linguistics

• Introduction
  • linguistics
    • definition
      • the sentific study of language
    • the scope of lingustics
      • general lingustics
        • macro-linguistics
        • micro-linguistics
      • applied linguistics
    • some important distinctions
      • descriptive/prective
      • synchronic/diachronic
      • speech/writing
      • language/parole
      • competence/performance
      • traditional grammar/modern linguistics
  • language
    • definition
      • a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human communication
    • design features
      • arbitrariness
      • productivity
      • duality
      • displacement
      • cultural transmission
    • functions
      • main functions
      • basic functions
      • macrofunctions
• Phonology
  • the phonic medium of language
  • phonetics
    • definition
      • the study of the phonic medium of language
    • three reasearch fields
      • articulatory phonetics
      • acoustic phonetics
      • perceptual phonetics
    • organs of speech
      • the pharyngeal cavity
      • the oral cavity
      • the nasal cavity
    • orthographic representations of speech sounds
    • classcification of English speech sounds
      • vowels
      • consonants
  • phonology
    • relationship between phonology and phonetics
      • similarity
      • differences
    • phone and phoneme
      • phone
      • phoneme
      • allophone
    • phonetic contrast, complementary distribution and minimal pair
      • phonetic contrast
      • complementary distribution
      • minimal pair
    • some rules in phonology
      • sequential rules
      • assimilation rules
      • deletion rule
    • suprasegmental features
      • stress
      • tone
      • intonation
• Morphology
  • definition
    • It studies the internal structure of words, and the rules by which words are formed
  • open class and closed class
    • open class words
    • closed class words
  • morphemes
    • definition
    • classification
      • free morpheme
      • bouns morpheme
    • allomorph
  • word structure
    • roots
    • affixes
  • derivational and inflection morphrmes
    • derivational morphemes
    • inflectional morphemes
  • morphological rules of word formation
  • compounds
  • derivation
• Syntax
  • definition
    • It studies how words are combined to form sentences and the rules that govern the formation of sentences.
  • category of syntax
    • word-level category
    • phrase catefories and their structures
  • phrase structure rule
    • definition
    • XP rule
    • coordination rule
  • phrase elements
    • specifiers
    • complements
    • midifiers
  • sentences rule(The S rule）
  • transformation
    • auxiliary movement
    • Do insertion
    • deep structure and surface structure
    • Wh movement
• Semantics
  • definition
    • It can be simply defined as the study of meaning
  • some views concerning the study of meaning
    • the naming theory
    • the conceptual view
    • contextualism
    • behaciorism
  • lexical meaning
    • sense and reference
    • major sense relations
      • synonymy
      • polysemy
      • homonymy
      • hyponymy
      • antonymy
  • sense relations between sentences
    • X is synonymous with Y
    • X is inconsistent with Y
    • X entails Y
    • X presupposes Y
    • X is a contradiction
    • X is semantically anomalous
  • analysis of meaning
    • componential analysis
    • predication analysis
• Pragmatics
  • pragmatics
    • definition
    • relation between pragmatics vs. semantics
    • context
    • sentence meaning vs. utterance meaning
  • speech art theory
    • Austin' model of speech arts
    • Searle's classification of speeech arts
    • indirect speech acts
  • principle of conversation
    • cooperative principle and its maxims
    • violation of the maxims
  • conversation implicature
  • cross-cultural pragmatic failure
• language and the brain
  • neurolinguistics
    • definition
      • It is the study of the relationship between brain and language.
    • the structure and function of the human brain
      • It is within the human cortex that the secrets of language representation and processing are to be found.
    • methods in the study of brain and evidences for lateralization
    • aphasia
      • It refers to a number of acquired language disorders due to the cerebral lesions caused by vascular problrms, a tumour, an accident and so on.
  • psycholinguistics
    • definition
      • It is the study of the language processing, it is concerned with the processes of language comprehension and production.
    • psycholinguistic reacher methods
      • field work
      • experimental methods
    • linguistics and language processing
      • phonetics and phonology
      • morphological processing
      • syntax
    • psycholingustic modeling
      • Levelt's model of speech production
        • conceptualizing
        • formulating
        • articulating
        • self-monitoring
• second language acquisition
  • definition of SLA
    • refers to the systematic study of how one person acquires a secon language subsequent to his native language.
  • connections and differences between first language acquisition and second language acquisition
    • connections
    • differences
  • contrastive analysis
    • contrastive analysis compares the forms and meaning across the two languages to spot the mismatches or differences
  • error analysis
    • interlingual errors
    • intralingual errors
  • interlanguage
    • definition
      • a continuum or approximation from his native language to the target language
    • features
      • systematically, permeability, fossilization
  • the role of native language in second language learning
    • definition of language transfer
    • factors in determining language transfer in second language learning
    • influences of native language
  • second language learning models and input hypothesis
    • second language learning medels
    • input hypothesis
  • individual differences
    • language aptitudes
    • motivation
    • learning strategies
    • age of acquisition
    • personality
  • second language acquisition and its pedagogical implications
• language acquisition
  • theories of child language acquisition
    • a behaviourist view of language acquisition
    • an innatist view of language acquisition
    • an interactionist view of language acquisition
  • cognitive factors in child language development
  • language environment and the critical period hypothesis
    • definition
      • a specific and limited time period for language acqusition
    • content
  • stages in child language development
    • phonological development
    • vocabulary development
    • grammatical development
    • pragmatical development
  • atypical development
• language and culture
  • definition of culture
    • in a broad sense
    • in a narrow sense
  • the relationship between language and culture
  • Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis
    • Our language helps mould our way of thinking and consequently, different languages may probably express their unique ways of understanding the world.
  • linguistic evidence of cultural differences
    • greetings and terms of sddress
    • gratitude and compliments
    • colour words
    • pravicy and taboos
    • rounding off numbers
    • words and cultural-specific conotations
    • cultural-related idioms, proverbs and metaphors
  • culture contact, culture overlap and culture diffusion
    • three types of culture contacts
      • accumulation
      • assimilation
      • amalgamation
  • the significance of cultural teaching and learning
  • intercultural communication
• language and society
  • the scope oof sociolingustics
    • definition
    • the relatedness between language and society
    • speech community and speech variety
    • two approaches to sociolinguistics studies
      • macro-sociolinguistics
      • micro-socilinguistics
  • varieties of language
    • dialect varieties
    • register
    • degree of formality
  • standard dialect
    • definition
    • nature
    • features
  • pidgin and creole
  • choosing a code
    • diglossia
    • bilingualism and multiinguism
    • code-switching
  • linguistic taboos and euphemisms
• language change
  • definition of historical linguistics
  • phonological change
    • sound change trends to be systematic
  • morphological and syntactic change
    • addition of affixes
    • loss of affixes
    • change of word order
    • change in negation rule
  • lexical and semantic change
    • addition of new words
      • coinage/invention
      • clipped wprds
      • blending
      • acronyms
      • back-formation
      • functional shift
      • borrowing
    • loss of words
    • change in the meaning of words
  • some recent trends
    • moving towards greater informality
    • the influence of American English
    • the influence of science and technology
  • cause of language change
    • Rapid development of science and technology.
    • Social and political changes and political needs.
    • Women go out for work, leading to new neutral job titles.
    • Language acquisition of children.
    • Regularization of exceptional plural forms.
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