语言学第一章节思维导图

语言学第一章节，快速理清第一章的框架。语言学 （英语： linguistics ）是一门关于 人类 语言 的科学研究 ，并涉及了对语言形式、语言含义和 语境 的分析 。

Introduction

• linguistics
  • definition
    • the scientific study of language
  • the scope of linguistics
    • general lingusitic
      • micro-linguistics
        • phonetics 
          • the study of sound used in linguistic communication
        • phonology
          • the study of how sounds are put together and used to convey meaning
        • morphology
          • the study of the way in which the symobls are combined to form words
        • syntax
          • the study of the rules in the combination of words
        • semantics
          • the study of meaning
        • pragmatics
          • the study of meaning in the context of language use
      • macro-linguistics
        • sociolinguistics
          • the study of all social aspects of language and its relation with society form the core of the branch
        • psycholinguistics
          • the study of lanuage and its relation with psychology
    • applied linguistics
  • some important distincrions
    • descriptive/prescriptive
      • descriptive: to describe and analyze the language people actually use
      • prescriptive:to lay dawn rules for "correct and standard" behavior in using language
    • synchronic/diachronic
      • synchronic:the description of a language at some point of time in history
      • diachronic:the description of a language as it change through ti
    • speech/writing
    • language/parole
      • language:linguistic system shared by all the members of speech community
      • parole:the realization of language in actual use
    • competence/performance
      • competence:the idea user's knowledge og the rules of his language
      • performance:actual realization of these knowlege
    • teaditional grammar/modern linguistics
• language
  • defiition
    • a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human communication
  • design features
    • arbitrariness
    • productivity
    • duality
    • displacement
    • cultural transmission
  • functions
    • main functions
      • descriptive function
        • to convey factual information,which can be asserted or denied,and in some cases even verified
      • expressive function
        • to supply information about the user's feelings,preferences,prejudice and values
      • social function
        • to establish and maintain social relations between people
    • basic functions
      • emotive
      • conative
      • referential
      • poetic
      • phatic communication
      • metalinguistic
    • macrofunctions
      • ideational
        • to organize the speaker or the writer's experience of the real or imaginary world
      • interpersonal
        • to indicate,establish,or maintain social relational between people
      • textual
        • to organize written or spoken texts in such a manner that they are coherent within themselves