英语词汇学Chapter3

大学本科阶段自学考试之英语词汇学Chapter3！本思维导图主要涉及的单词元素有词干Stem、Affixes词缀、词根Root、词素morphemes、粘附词素Bound morphemes、词素morphemes（概念），较为详细地描述了上述单词元素的使用。一起学习，加油！

Chapter 3

• 词干 Stem
  • A stem can be defined as a form to which affixes of any kind can be added. 词干可以定义为任何类型的词缀都可以添加到其中的一种形式。
• Affixes 词缀
  • Affixes are forms that are attached to words or word elements to modify meaning or function. Almost all affixes are bound morphemes. According to the functions of affixes, we can put them into two groups: inflectional and derivational affixes.词缀是附加在单词或单词元素上以修饰意义或功能的形式。几乎所有词缀都是词缀。根据词缀的功能，我们可以把词缀分为屈折词缀和派生词缀。
  • inflectional affixs 内部屈折词缀
    • Affixes attached to the end of words to indicate grammatical relationships are inflectional, thus known as inflectional morphemes. The number of inflectional morphemes is small and stable.词尾词缀用来表示语法关系是屈折变化的，因此被称为屈折语素。屈折语素的数量少而稳定。
• 词根 Root
  • In terms of derivational and inflectional morphology, a root is that part of a word form that remains when all the inflectional and derivational affixes have been removed. 在派生词法和屈折词法方面，词根是词形的一部分，当所有屈折词缀和屈折词缀都去掉后，词形仍然保留下来。
• 词素 morphemes
  • 单语素词 monomorphemic words
  • 词素变体 allomorphs
    • Morphemes which are realized by more than one morph according to their position in a word are known as allomorphs.根据词素在词中所处的位置，由多个词形构成的语素称为同态。
  • 自由语素 Free Morphemes
    • 自由词根 free roots
    • Morphemes which are independent of other morphemes are considered to be free. These morphemes have complete meanings in themselves and can be used as free grammatical units in sentences. They are identical with root word, for each of them consists of a single free root. Therefore, we might as well say that free morphemes are free roots.独立于其他语素的语素被认为是自由的。这些语素本身具有完整的意义，可以作为句子的自由语法单位。它们与根词相同，因为每个根词都包含一个独立的根。因此，我们不妨说自由语素是自由根。
  • 粘附词素 Bound Morphemes
    • Morphemes which cant occur as separate words are bound. They are so named because they are bound to other morphemes to from words. Bound morphemes are chiefly found in derived words. 不能作为独立单词出现的语素被绑定。它们之所以如此命名，是因为它们与其他语素相联系，从而与单词相联系。束缚语素主要存在于派生词中。
• 粘附词素 Bound morphemes
  • 粘附词根 bound root
    • A bound root is that part of the word that carries the fundamental meaning. It is a bound form and has to combine with other morphemes to make words. 绑定词根是单词中承载基本含义的那部分。它是一种绑定形式，必须与其他语素结合才能构成单词。
  • 词缀 affix
    • 内部屈折词缀 inflectional affixs
      • Affixes attached to the end of words to indicate grammatical relationships are inflectional, thus known as inflectional morphemes. The number of inflectional affixes is small and stable.加在词尾表示语法关系的词缀发生屈折变化，因此称为内部屈折词素。内部屈折词缀数量很少而且稳定。
    • 派生词缀 derivational affixes
      • 前缀 prefixes
      • 后缀 suffixes
      • As the term indicates, derivational affixes are affixes added to other morphemes to create new words.是加在其他词素上创造新词的词缀。
• 词素 morphemes（概念）
  • Morphemes are the minimal meaningful units. In other words, the morpheme is the smallest functioning unit in the composition of words. 语素是意义最小的单位。也就是说，语素是构成词的最小的功能单位。