semantics

英专简明英语语言学第5章，关于语义的几种看法，命名论，概念论，语境论，行为主义论。词汇的意义，主要的意义联系知识点总结，有需要的小伙伴可以下载收藏哦~

semantics

• 定义
  • the study of meaning
• 关于语义的几种看法
  • 命名论：the naming theory
    • the words are just names or lables for things单词就是事物的名字
  • 概念论：the conceptualist view
    • one that relates words and through the mediation ofcincepts in the mind事物是通过在脑海里的概念和单词联系的
  • 语境论：contextualism
    • one can derive meaning from or reduce meaning to observable contexts.我们可以从语境当中获得了解意思。（situational语境中有很多元素；说话者，聆听者，/linguistic 确定意思必须通过所搭配的词语确定）
  • 行为主义论：behaviorism
    • situation in which the speaker utters it and the response it calls forth in the hearer语义放在语境中去体会，更侧重人的心理活动
• lexical meaning 词汇意义
  • sense and reference意义和指称
    • 1 sense is concerned with the inherent meaning of the linguistic form, the collection of all its features;it is the abstract and de-contexualized;it is the aspect meaning dictionary compilers are interested in.意义是语言形式的内在含义，是特征的集合体，是抽象和脱离语境的，是字典含义，和编译者所指。
    • 2reference means what a linguistic form refers to the real,physical woeld;it deals with the relationship between the linguistic element and the non-linguisyic world of experience.指的是语言形式在物质世界，语言学和非语言学经验世界之间的联系。
    • 3linguistic forms having the same sense may have different references in the different situations.语言学形式中，同一个意义在不同的情景下有不同的指称
  • major sense relation 主要的意义联系
    • synonymy 同义词
      • 定义：refers to the semeness or close similarity of meaning.意义相近的词
      • dialectal synonyms 方言同义：synony used in differet regional dialects用在不同地区的方言
      • stylistic synonyms 文体同义：synonyms differing in style在风格上相似（old ,man ,daddy, dad）
      • synonyms that differ in their emotive or evaluative meaning 评价意义：words that bear the same meaning but express different emotions of the user,indicating the attitude or bias of the user toward what he is talking about.同一个意思，但是基于不同人表达，可以看出不同使用者的态度。
      • collocational synonyms 搭配同义：eg accuse of ,charge with,rebuke for
      • semantically different synonyms语义不同的同义词：synonyms that differ slightly in what they mean.在语义上有细微差别的近义词。eg.amaze/astound
    • polysemy 多义词
      • 定义：the same one word may have more than one meaning.一个词语有很多意思。
    • homonymy 同音异义
      • 定义：refers to the phenomenon that words having different meaning have the same form.同一个发音，不同的意思
    • hyponymy上下义词
      • 定义：refers to the sense relation between a more general, more inclisive word and a more specific word.具体和详细词汇之间的关系 superordinate 上义词 （flower）hyponyms 下义词(rose, tuilp)
    • antonymy 反义词
      • 定义：oppositeness of meaning 意义相反
      • gradable antonyms可分级反义词、极差反义。 there are intermediate forms between the two members of a pairl两个反义词之间过渡词（hot,warm,cool,cold,）
      • complementary antonyms 互补反义 is characterized by the feature that the denial of one member of the pair implies the assertion of the other.男女，左右，阴阳，凹凸
      • relational opposites 关系反义 pairs of words that the reversal of a relationship between the two items are called relational opposites.老板-员工。老师-学生
    • sense relations between sentences句子之间的联系
      • 1 X is synonymous with Y.同义eg;the dog was killed by the boy=the boy killed the dog
      • 2 X is inconsistent with Y。不一致，eg john is married \john is bachelor
      • 3 X entails Y.蕴含，eg He has been to france/he has been to europe
      • 4 X presuppose Y预设，eg John's biken needs repairing./john has a bike
      • 5 X is a contradiction 矛盾，EG my unmarried sister married to a bachelor
      • 6 X is semantically anomalous语义反常。eg the table has bad intentions.
    • analysis of meaning含义分析
      • componential analysis- a way to analyze lexical meaning
        • 定义： is a way proposed by the structural semanticists to analyze word meaing.从语义结构分析意思。
        • 作用：provide insight into meaning of words and a way to study the relationships between words that are rekated in meaning.学习意思和句子之间的联系
      • predication analysis-a way to analyze senta=ence meaning述谓结构分析发
        • grammatical meaning eg . the dog are chasing the car
        • semantic meaning eg. green cloud are sleeping furiously
        • 定义： a predication consists of argument(s) and predicate主谓