pragmantics语用学

中英版的语用学来啦，它将带您在中文与英文的语言学中畅游，相信您看完后无论是生活还是学习都有一定的帮助，此篇导图涉及pragmantics语用学，其分为两部分，一部分是一些概念（notion），另一部分为言语行为原则（speech act theory）

pragmantics语用学

• 一些概念 notion
  • 定义：the study of how speakers of a language use sentences to effect successful communication.用句子来影响交流
  • 分支：anglo-american tradition and the european continental tradition 盎格鲁美国传统和欧洲大陆传统（a general cognitive ,social. and cultural perspective ;/deixis, speech acts,indirect language..）
  • pragmatics vs semantics语用和语义辨析题
    • 1what essentially distinguisshes semantics and pragmatics is whether in the study of meaning the context of use is considered.if it is not considered, the study is confined to the area of traditional semantics,if it is considered, the study is being carried out of the area of pragmatics.在研究意思时，语境是否有考虑到，有考虑到就是传统语用学，没有考虑到就不属于语用学。
    • 2language should be studied as a self contained,intrinsic system;any serious study of language cannot afford to investigate the use of language and extra-linguistic factors were not to be considered.内在固定体系。任何不致力于研究语言的都不被纳入考虑。语用学
    • 3 meaning of words meaning of sentences were all studied in isolation from language use.语义学
  • context 语境
    • 定义： constituded by the knowledge shared by the speaker and the hearer.听者说者。
  • sentence meaning /utterance meaning句子意思和话语简答题
    • 1 meaning of the sentence is abstract ,and decontextualized, that of the an utterance is concrete, and context dependent.句子是抽象的，脱离语境的，话语是具体的，依靠语境的。
    • 2 the meaning of an utterance is based on sentence meaning; it is the realization of the abstract meaning of a sentence in a real situation of communication, or simply in a context.话语是以句子含义为基础的，他是句子含义在交流中或者语境中抽象的实现。
• speech act theory言语行为原则
  • Austin
    • 定义：is an theory in the pragmatic study of language.it aims to answer the question" what do we do when using language".研究语言的实用理论。他的目的是回答，在是用语言的时候，我们应该做什么。
    • 区别 constative and performative表述句和行为句
      • 1 constative were statements that either state or descibe ,and were thus verifiable可以被证实的陈述或描述;2performative were sentences that did not state a fact or describe a state, and were not verifiable.不可以被证实的言论事实。
    • locutionary act, illocutionary act, perlocutionary act言内，言外，言后名词解释题
      • 1言内the act of uttering words , phrases, and clauses, the act of convey literal meaning by means of syntax, lexicon and phonology使用口头词语短语句子，通过语法词汇音系揭示字面意义 。
      • 2言外 illocutionary act :the act of expressing the speaker's intention, it is the act performed in saying something.展示说者意图
      • 3 言内 perlocutionary act:tha act performed by or resulting from saying something,it is the consequence of , or the change brought about by the utterance, it is the act perdormed by saying something.5有说过的话引起的结果。
  • searle
    • illocutionary point
      • 1 representatives/assertives阐述：stating or describing,saying what the speaker believes to be ture.阐述描述说者认为是真的
      • 2 derectives指挥:trying to get the hearer to do something让听者去做
      • 3 commissives 承诺：committing the speaker himself to some future course of action.说者对未来做出保障
      • 4 expressives表达：expressing feeling or attitude towards an existing state表达自己的感受
        • 子主题
      • 5 declaration 宣告：bringing about immediate change by saying something说出立马发生的改变。
  • indirect apeech acts 间接语言行为
    • which aimed to explain indirect language in the light of the speech act theory通过理论去解释间接语言
    • 理论一primary speech act:speaker's goal of communication 交流的目标
    • 理论二secondary speech act:the means he achieves his goal.达到目标的方式
  • principle of conversation 会话原则
    • conventional implications:based on the conventional meaning certain words in the language.依据语言中传统含义
    • particularized conventional implicature:i inferred by the hearer with reference to the context of communication.通过语境推算出意思
    • coorperative principle/CP:make conversational contribution such as required at the stage at which it occurs by the accepted purpose or direction of the talk exchange in which you are engaged.导向你如何让去沟通
      • 1 the maxim quantity数量准则正式
      • 2 the maxin of quality 质量准则 不要说错话，不要说没有根据的事
      • 3 the maxim of reation 关系准则相对的
      • 4 the maxim of manner 方式方法 要简洁，要有序。。。
• 主题