2021北京中考阅读D篇

2021北京中考阅读D篇的思维导图，主要内容有structure type、summary beginning、writer's opinion、scientific achivement and an example。

Nature and culture

• structure type
  • deduction
    • 生存负载（事）=外部+内部， 生存力量（人）=内部+外部 生存余力=生存力量/生存负载
• summary beginning
  • cultural development is achieved against nature
    • 张瑞敏在海尔公司推行的“日清工作法”，成功拯救公司的业绩。 这种工作法是收到书籍《卓有成效的管理者》的启发， 要求公司日事日毕，日清日高，事事人人管，人人都管事， 形成目标、日清与激励的良性循环体制。 得出结论，职场人要主动学习对自己工有实际用处的知识。
  • culture is part of the development of the human species
    • ①自我导向，即要从依赖型→自我导向型
    • ②要学会关联以往经验；
    • ③强调实践，做事的“准备度”分为能力水平和意愿水平； 选择学习内容的判断：是否用得上；学习效果的判断：是否用得上。
    • ④要聚焦于解决实际问题，未来应用→立即应用。
    • ⑤关于内在驱动的比较，内在因素驱动型的学习会更开心， 外在因素驱动型的学习比如考试考证，这会不快乐。
• writer's opinion
  • We are born with wild natures
    • a quotation from several modern writers that the process of education as a struggle against human nature
      • 拥有最强的学习能力，能够通过教会别人而深刻掌握某个知识， 他们是身边人的福音，说快速变化的社会和积累竞争的职场中最稀缺的人才。
    • Education uses culture as a way to get us out of our widest natures
    • examples
      • eating
      • behaving in a disorganized way
        • ①把书本当做权威，认为学习的主要任务是从材料中找到答案；
        • ②为了考试，为了拿到证书而读书；
        • ③把书籍阅读数量直接视为收获，崇拜获得各种竞赛奖项的人；
        • ④瞧不起致用类的书籍；
        • ⑤睡觉和起床不够早，玩手机较多。
      • acting selfishly
        • ①判断学习的目标、读书的类型
        • ②把知识类书籍当作老师；兴趣类书籍当作导游；致用类书籍当作医生；
        • ④不对书本负责，只负责解决自己的问题、提升自身能力；
        • ⑤拥抱新知，到会辨别而信，并整理分析接收到的信息，能够经常追问和反思。
  • The transmission of culture seems to be directly related to what's in our blood
  • passed on among people of the same times or among people belonging to different populations
    • we can learn how to make jiaozi even if we were born from Russian parents in Paris
    • we can learn how to speak English even if none of our family or friends speaks that language.
• scientific achivement and an example
  • the formation of culture is part of the biological adaptation
    • example
      • hunting
    • from rocks and stones to a set of hunting tools, and from hunting tools to rules relating to the proper use of weapons
    • responsible for a whole set of bodily abilities
  • biological development and cultural development are closely tied
    • balancing on one foot related to dance, a key expression of human culture
• Zimmer