2021北京中考阅读D篇

2021北京中考阅读D篇的思维导图，主要内容有structure type、summary beginning、writer's opinion、scientific achivement and an example。

Nature and culture

structure type

deduction

生存负载（事）=外部+内部， 生存力量（人）=内部+外部 生存余力=生存力量/生存负载

summary beginning

cultural development is achieved against nature

张瑞敏在海尔公司推行的“日清工作法”，成功拯救公司的业绩。 这种工作法是收到书籍《卓有成效的管理者》的启发， 要求公司日事日毕，日清日高，事事人人管，人人都管事， 形成目标、日清与激励的良性循环体制。 得出结论，职场人要主动学习对自己工有实际用处的知识。

culture is part of the development of the human species

①自我导向，即要从依赖型→自我导向型

②要学会关联以往经验；

③强调实践，做事的“准备度”分为能力水平和意愿水平； 选择学习内容的判断：是否用得上；学习效果的判断：是否用得上。

④要聚焦于解决实际问题，未来应用→立即应用。

⑤关于内在驱动的比较，内在因素驱动型的学习会更开心， 外在因素驱动型的学习比如考试考证，这会不快乐。

writer's opinion

We are born with wild natures

a quotation from several modern writers that the process of education as a struggle against human nature

拥有最强的学习能力，能够通过教会别人而深刻掌握某个知识， 他们是身边人的福音，说快速变化的社会和积累竞争的职场中最稀缺的人才。

Education uses culture as a way to get us out of our widest natures

examples

eating

behaving in a disorganized way

①把书本当做权威，认为学习的主要任务是从材料中找到答案；

②为了考试，为了拿到证书而读书；

③把书籍阅读数量直接视为收获，崇拜获得各种竞赛奖项的人；

④瞧不起致用类的书籍；

⑤睡觉和起床不够早，玩手机较多。

acting selfishly

①判断学习的目标、读书的类型

②把知识类书籍当作老师；兴趣类书籍当作导游；致用类书籍当作医生；

④不对书本负责，只负责解决自己的问题、提升自身能力；

⑤拥抱新知，到会辨别而信，并整理分析接收到的信息，能够经常追问和反思。

The transmission of culture seems to be directly related to what's in our blood

passed on among people of the same times or among people belonging to different populations

we can learn how to make jiaozi even if we were born from Russian parents in Paris

we can learn how to speak English even if none of our family or friends speaks that language.

scientific achivement and an example

the formation of culture is part of the biological adaptation

example

hunting

from rocks and stones to a set of hunting tools, and from hunting tools to rules relating to the proper use of weapons

responsible for a whole set of bodily abilities

biological development and cultural development are closely tied

balancing on one foot related to dance, a key expression of human culture

Zimmer