Language and Linguistics

英语语言学导论（第三版） 杨忠 Chapter1

Language and Linguistics

• Language
  • definition
    • system
    • arbitrary
    • vocal
    • symbols
    • human communication
  • features
    • creativity（productivity）
    • duality
    • arbitrariness
    • displacement
    • cultural transmission
    • interchangeability
    • reflexivity
      • metalanguage
    • adaptability
  • functions
    • The ideational function
    • The interpersonal function
    • The textual function
  • types
    • natural languages
      • genetic classification
        • The Indo-European family
          • largest
        • West Germanic
      • typological classification
        • phonological
        • morphological
        • syntactical
    • artificial languages
  • evolution
    • God
    • The Bow-wow theory
      • imitation
    • The Pooh-pooh theory
      • instinctive emotional cries
    • The Yo-he-ho theory
      • 劳动
    • The evolution theory
• Linguistics
  • definition
    • scientific study of language
  • branches
    • Intra-disciplinary divisions
      • sound
        • phonetics
        • phonology
      • structure
        • morphology
        • syntax
      • meaning
        • semantics
        • pragmatics
    • Inter-disciplinary divisions
      • sociolinguistics
      • psycholinguistics
      • applied linguistics
  • schools
    • divided by
      • views of language
      • methodology of research
    • camps
      • formal linguistics
      • functional linguistics
  • features of modern linguistics
    • time
      • early 20th century
    • founder
      • Ferdinand de Saussure
    • features
      • priority is given to spoken language
      • focus is on synchronic study rather than diachronic study
      • descriptive and explanatory rather than prescriptive in nature
      • theoretically rather than pedagogically oriented