大学英语专业 阅读技巧College Reading Skills

大学英语专业 阅读技巧College Reading Skills 知识点导图， 如什么是主题思想 What is the main idea？ A good way to find author's point,or main idea,is to look for a general atatement.

阅读技巧College Reading Skills

• Relationships 语句或段落间的关系
  • Transitions
    • Addition Words
    • Time words
      • Time words tell us when something happened in relation to when something else happened.
      • before during while later previously now next eventually first as soon finally then when after last following
    • Helpful Tips About Transitions
      • Some transition words have the same meaning.Authors typically use a variety of transitions(过渡词的多样性) to avoid repetition（避免重复）
      • In some cases the same word can serve as two different types of transitions depending on how it is used.
  • patterns of organization
    • The list of items pattern
    • The time order pattern
      • In addition to the time transitions listed on page 177,signals for the time order pattern include dates,times,and such words as stages,series steps,and process. The two most common kinds of time order are
        • 1.a series of events or stages
        • 2.a series of steps(directions in how to do something)
      • series of steps(Directions)
        • they use time order.they explain step1,then step2,and so on through the entire steps of steps that must be taken toward a specific goal.
    • Four Final Points
      • While many passages have just one pattern of organization,often the patterns are mixed.
      • You may have noted that when an author presents a series of events or stages or steps,that series is itself a list of item.
      • Remember that not all relationships between ideas are signaled by transitions.
      • A paragraph's main idea often indicates its pattern of organization
• Relationships II 语句或段落间的关系（二）
  • ILLUSTAEATION 举例说明
    • Words That Show illustration
      • Illustration woeds indicate that an author will provide one or more examples to develop and clarify a given idea.
      • (for)example (for)instance例子，实例/v.举...为例 illustration实例，实例n. including such as once
      • The Definition and Example Pattern定义和例证模式
        • These definitions are usually set off in italic or boldface print, and they are signaled by such words as is,are,is called,termed,and refers to参考，涉及，指的是.
  • COMPARISON AND CONTRAST 类比和对比
    • Words That Show Comparison
      • Comparison words signals similarities.Authors use a comparison transition to show that a second idea is like the first one in some way.
      • (just)as likewise同样地，类似地adv, in a similar manner (just)like in like manner in the same way alike相似的，相像的adj.；相似地，相同地adv, similar(ly) resemble像，与...相似v.
    • Words That Show Contrast
      • Contrast words show that things differ in one re more ways
      • but instead still even though即使 yet in contrast比较起来，与此相反 as opposed to different(ly) however on the other hand in spite of differs from although虽然尽管 on the contrary despite unlike nevertheless converse(ly) rather than while
      • The Comparison and/or Contrast Pattern类比/对比模式
        • When things are compared,their similarities are pointed out. when they are contrasted,their differences are discussed.
  • CAUSE AND EFFECT 因果关系
    • Words That Show Cause and Effect
      • Cause and effect words signal that the author is explaining the reason why something happened or the result of something happening.
      • Cause and Effect words
        • Cause words
          • because (of) reason explanation due to since
        • Effect words
          • therefore so result thus as a result effect as a consequence result in cause consequently leads to accordingly affect
        • Both of them
          • if...then
    • The Cause and Effect Parttern因果模式
      • Information in a cause and effect parttern addresses the questions"why does a behavior or events happend?"and/or"What are the results of a behavior or events?"An author may then disscuss causes,or effects,or both causes and effects.
    • Keep in mind that a passage may often be made up of more than one pattern of organization.
• Fact and Opinion
  • Fact
    • A fact is information that can be proved true through objective evidence.This evidence may be physical proof or the spoken or written testimony of witnesses.
    • 子主题
  • OPINION
    • An opinion is a belief,judgement(adj.),or conclusion that cannot be objectively proved true.As a result,it is open to queation,
    • Value word
      • (不是所有的adj.都是价值判断词) best great beautiful worst terrible bad better lovely good worse disgusting wonderful
  • Other Points About Fact and Opinion
    • 1.depending on the author's purpose: news articles and scientific reports,which are written to inform readers,are supposed to be as factual as possible. On the other hand,the main points of editorials,political speeches,and advertisements-meterials written to persuade readers-are opinion.
    • 2.Statements of fact may be found to be unture.
    • 3.Opinions may be masked as facts
    • 4.Remember that value or (judgement)words often represent opinions.
    • 5,The words should and ought to often signal opinions.
    • 6.Remember that much of what we read and hear is a mixture of fact and opinion.
  • 事实无真伪，观点无对错。 Facts tell us what happened,and can be proved true or false.Opinions are atituteds or judgements that can't be proved right or wrong.
• Inferences
  • Implied ideas are often important for a full understanding of what an author means.Discovering the ideas that are not stated directly in writing is called making inferences,or drawing conclusions.
  • INFERENCES IN READING
    • As one scholar has said inferences are:"statements about the unknow made on the basis of the known."
    • Guidelines for Making Inferences in Reading
      • 1.Never lose sight of the available information永远不要忽视已给信息
      • 2.Use your background information and experience to help you in making inferences.运用你的背景知识和生活经验进行推理。
      • 3.Consider the alternatives.考虑其他可能性。
  • INFERENCES IN LITERATUR文学作品中的推理
    • While writers of factual material usually states directly much of what they mean,creative writes often provide verbal pictures that show us what they mean.
  • INFERENCES IN GRAPHS AND TABLES
    • combine words with visual representation. show comparisons and changes that takeplace over time consider all the information presented.

阅读技巧College Reading Skills

• Vocabulary in Context 语境中的词汇
  • Examples 例子
    • Examples may suggest the meaning of an unknow world
    • Note that examplels are often introduced with signal words and phrases like 、for example、for instance、including and such as
  • Synonyms 同义词
    • A word that means the same or almost the same as the unknow word
    • The word which you don't know and its synonym have the same character
  • Antonyms 反义词
    • A word that means the opposite of another word
    • Antonyms are often signaled by words and phrases such as as however、but 、yet、but、on the other hand , and in contrast
  • General Sense of the Sentence or Passage
    • In such cases,you must draw conclusions basedd on the information given with the word.
    • Asking youself questions about the passage may help you make a fairly accurate guess about the meaning of the unfamiliar word.
• Main Ideas
  • 什么是主题思想 What is the main idea？
    • A good way to find author's point,or main idea,is to look for a general atatement
    • The main idea is the general point,it includes supporting details
  • Recognizing a main idea 识别主题思想的三种策略
    • Look for general versus specific ideas. 寻找概括性观点及其对应的具体观点
      • The topic is general subject of a selection. Knowing the topic can help you find a writer's main point about that topic
    • Use the topic to lead you to the main ideas. 利用主题找到主题思想
    • Use clue words to lead you to the main idea. 利用提示词找到主题思想
      • List Worlds(general statement) Which tells you a list of items is to follow
        • several kinds(ways) of several cause of some factors in three advantages of five steps among the results various reasons for a number of effects a series of
      • Addition words(supprting details) used right before a supporting detail.
        • one first first of all for one thing to begin with another second also in addition next moreover furthermore last last of all finally
  • Locations of the main idea 主题思想的位置
    • Main Idea at the Beginning 主题思想在段首
      • the first sentence may simply introduce in or lead into the main idea of a paragraph.Very often,a contrast word like yet,but,or however signals the main idea.
    • Main Idea in the Middle 主题思想在段中
    • Main Idea at the End 主题思想在段末
    • Main Idea at the Beginning and End 主题思想同时在段首和段末
• Supporting Details
  • What are supporting details? 什么是支持性细节
    • Supporting details are reasons,examples,facts,steps,or other kinds of evidence that explain a main idea.
    • Two levels of supporting details
      • Major details explain and develop the main idea.
      • minor details help fill out and make clear the major details.
  • Outlining,Mapping,and Summarizing 记笔记的三种方法：列提纲、画图表、做小结.
    • Outlining
      • Look for words that tell you a list of details is coming.
        • several kinds of various causes a few reasons a number of a series of three factors four steps among the results several advantages
      • Look for words that signal major details.
      • When making an outline,put all supporting details of equal importance at the same distance from the margin. 列提纲的时候，同层次的支持性细节要留出同样的缩进距离。
    • Mapping
      • Maps,or diagrams,are highly visual outlines in which circles,boxes,or other shapes show the relationships between main ideas and supporting details.
    • Summarizing
      • A summary is the reduction of a large amount of information to its most important points.
        • A summary will consist of a main idea and its major supporting details
        • a paragraph→a sentence or two an article→a paragraph a textbook chapter →three pages of notes
      • Summary
        • Note that a textbook defintion of a key term should generally not be summarized.
        • Select one example from several that might be given.
        • Condense the example if it's not already very brief.
        • A definition of a key trem followed by one condensed example. 记下关键术语的定义并配以一个简洁的例子。
• Implied Main Ideas and the Central Poingt 隐含的主题思想和中心论点
• specific evidence such as examples,causes,reasons,or facts.