法律英语-Property Law

这是一篇关于财产的节奏。的知识思维导图。阐述了财产的定义，分类，特征等。以及财产的取得，占有地产，未来权益等。适合财产知识点整理的小伙伴。

Property Law

• what is property
  • 定义：a person or a business has legal title(合法的所有权) over, affording owners certain enforceable rights over said items.
  • 分类：
    • tangible property有形财产
      • houses,cars,appliances
    • intangible property无形财产
      • stock,bond certificates证券换股权力证书
  • 特征：
    • hold current or potential monetary value
    • properties can simultaneously be liabilities in some situations---premises liability
  • 其它：
    • intellectual property:
      • patents专利权
      • trademark商标
      • copyright著作权
• main points
  • acqusition of property财产的取得
    • what the "acqusition" refers
      • is the process of gaining ownership or control of real property or an interest in real property
    • the way to acquire or lost the title of personal property
      • occupancy占有
      • adverse possession逆占有/时效占有
      • accession添附物
      • confusion混合财产
      • judgement法院判决
      • gift赠与
      • when the chattel is lost/mislaid错置/abandoned
    • 以下情况中财产的取得问题
      • capture of wild animals
        • mere pursuit is not possession,标准是actual capture(实在的捕获行为)
        • causing the mortally wounded （致命伤）can actual possess
        • 总结：causing the mortally wounded≥actual capture＞mere pursuit
        • Mere pursuit of a wild animal is not sufficient to establish property right in that animal, but corporeal occupancy 实际占有does, because corporeal occupancy renders escape impossible.
      • acqisition by find无主物的所有权取得
        • 1.actually discover the thing
        • 2.have intent to take possession
        • 总结：true owner＞finder(no absolute ownership)
          • the founded property
            • lost
              • an owner of property does not lose the title by losing the property
            • mislaid
              • eg:A customer in a barber's shop, who noticed a mobile phone placed on the counter, is a finder of misplaced property.
            • abandoned
              • the owner has voluntarily relinquished(自愿放弃)all ownership
        • 案例：Armory v. Delamirie
      • adverse possession时效占有/逆占有
        • 可以简单理解为possession(暂时拥有)
        • adverse possession 转化为title 的条件（各州侧重点不一）
          • continuous持续占有达到一定时间
            • 普通时长为7年
            • 对于color of title(有名无实的所有权)为20年
          • hostile to the interests of the true owner对于真正的所有权人是不利的
          • open and notorious公开的（众人皆知）
            • put the true owner on notice真正的所有权人需知晓(peaceable manner)
          • actual
            • 真正的所有权人有权以trespass提起诉讼，但是要在其转化为ownership 的期限之内
          • exclusive排他性
            • no confusion
      • bailment寄放/委托保管
        • 1.is a non-ownership transfer of possession
        • 2.所有权人将物品出借给他人，但是又偷偷拿走，也将被视为盗窃
        • 要素
          • no transfer of title, just possession
          • bailee(受托人)must return the property to bailor(寄放人/委托人)
          • bailee's consent受托人同意
          • conclude the property that concealed in bailed property隐藏在被寄放财产里的财产
          • constructive bailment(法官可视情况来推定寄放关系的存在与否)
  • possessory estates占有地产(见附件表格)
    • 注：estates in realty 可进一步分为freehold or non-freehold
      • freehold
        • continue indefinitely无限期的持续or until the occurrence of some event直到某些事件的发生为止
      • non-freehold
        • end on a particular date在特殊的日期终止
    • freehold
      • the fee simple非限嗣继承地产权 （继承者有绝对处理权处理地产）
        • fee simple absolute绝对非限嗣继承地
        • fee simple determinable可终止的非限嗣继承地
        • fee simple subject to condition subsequent附条件的非限嗣继承地
      • fee tail限嗣继承地产权 （继承权有限制的地产权）
        • 分类
          • fee tail male/female限定男生或女生继承地
          • fee tail special特殊限嗣继承地
      • the life estate终身地产
        • life estate by marital right婚姻权形成的终身地产
        • conventional life estate协议设定的终身地产
        • rights and duties of life tenant-doctrine of waste终身地产保有人
          • doctrine of waste损耗原则：
            • 设立目的
              • 限制终身佃户随意使用土地的权利
            • 分类
              • 自愿损害
                • 改变土地而对土地造成伤害的积极行为（作为行为）
              • 放任损害
                • 让土地因缺乏关注而恶化（不作为行为）
              • 公平损害
                • 如果终身承租人有自愿损害行为，则应对剩余地产所有人返还造成损害
                • 特殊的自愿损害
  • future interest未来权益(见附件表格)
    • 1.future interests are created at the formation of a defeasible estate废止地产
    • 2.the future interests are the right to possess property in the future
    • the future interest:
      • 1.natural termination of the prior estate
      • 2.will cut short the prior estate
  • concurrent estates共有地产
    • 1.tenancy in common一般共有
      • undivided interest/share
      • no right of survivorship没有 生者享有权
      • alienable(可转让的) by inter vivos(生存者之间) or testamentary(立遗嘱的)
      • words: O conveys "to A and B" (A and B hold a simple absolute as tenant in common)
    • 2.joint tenancy共同共有
      • undivided share
      • right of survivorship享有 生者享有权
      • how to creat a joint tenancy
        • at the same time
        • by the same instrument(legal document/agreement)
        • take equal shares份额of the same type
        • each tenant has the right to possess the whole
      • how to make severance
        • suit for partition分割财产的诉讼by any tenant
        • felonious killing of a joint tenant
        • dissolution of marriage
        • convey the joint tenancy to tenant in common
    • 3.tenancy by the entirety夫妻共同保有
      • undivided interest---between a husband and wife
      • the right of survivorship
      • severance limited---and severance by one tenant is not possible( involuntary partition is not possible/not convey or encumber(处置) tenancy by individual spouse)
      • how to terminate the tenancy by the entirety
        • the death of either spouse
        • divorce(由tenancy by the entirety转为tenancy in common)
        • mutual agreement
        • execution by a joint creditor共同债权人of both spouses
    • the incidents of co-ownership(附属权利)
      • possession
        • 其中一人对排他占有权的主张可以构成财产侵占(ouster)
      • rents and profits （A and B )
        • 有权保留通过该财产所获得的利润
        • 当A占有终止时，B不需要与A分享其所得收益
      • one to encumber(处置) the property
        • 只可以抵押自己的那部分(for tenancy in common/joint tenancy)
      • ouster(对可继承财产强行占有行为)
        • 被非法剥夺占有权的人有权收回the fair rental value of the property
      • remedy of partition
        • 以实物偿付---以货代款（把地进行分割）
        • 卖掉地后分割卖地获取的收益
      • duty of fair dealing among co-tenants
        • confidential relationship双方是一种信任关系
        • A 不得违背B 的意愿进行逆占有 eg: to A and B,两者因为不交税被拍卖，但A以10000美元的价格买下了该房产，如果B愿意支付5000美元，法院将迫使A再次将该房产于B共有
  • landlord and tenant
    • tenant: present possessory interest landlord: future interest
    • types
      • tenancies for years定期保有
      • periodic tenancies周期性租赁
      • tenancies at will任意租赁
      • tenancies at sufferance容忍保有/逾期租赁---the hold-over doctrine延期承租条款
    • leases
      • the leases are independent of each other
        • if one party breaches
          • the other party can recover damages
          • but cannot terminate the landlord-tenant relationship
    • duties and remedies
      • tenant duties and landlord remedies
        • tenant duties
          • to repair---doctrine of waste
          • honesty as to intended purpose(租户有义务去坚守当时租房的最初目的)
          • not use for illegal purpose(the landord not engage the illegal purpose)
          • pay rent
        • landlord remedies
          • terminate the lease/damages/injunctive relief
          • suit for damages
          • the right to terminate/evict a defaulting tenant
      • landlord duties and tenant remedies
        • landlord duties
          • must deliver交付 actual possession
        • tenant remedies
          • damages
    • assignments and subleases
      • assignment
        • 租户将其承租权全部转让
          • eg：将我占有的(lease)整个房屋都租给你
      • subleases
        • 租户将承租权的一部分转让
          • eg：将我占有的(lease)整个房屋的一个卧室租给你
    • condemnation of leaseholds征用
      • entire
        • 租赁权终止
          • tenant有权获得compensation
      • temporary or partial
        • 租赁权未终止
          • tenant有权获得compensation
  • fixture不动产附着物
    • 1.become part of the realty 2.common ownership: 自己在自己的房屋中安装 divided ownership: 1)who owns the chattel but not own the land 2)who owns the land but not own the chattel
    • chattels incorporated into structure嵌入式的不动产
      • become part of the realty(拿走该chattel将会对chattel 或realty有损坏)
    • 1.common ownership
    • 2.divided ownership
      • 通常：是要将该fixtures留给landowner
      • 例外：非房主购买的不动产不需要归属房主的情况
        • trade fixtures工商业设备(经过annexor's-intention test添置意图测试)
        • licensee and landowner(经过房主同意的),so trespassers normally lose their annexations whether good faith or not
  • rights in the land of another在他人土地上的权益
    • easements地役权
      • 1.地役权人has the right to use a tract of land for a special purpose has no right to possess and enjoy 供役地人has the right of full possession and enjoyment cannot interfere with the right of easement holder 2.eg:laying utility lines铺设公用事业管线 or installing sewer pipes安装下水管道
      • is a right to use land; it's a privilege without a profit
      • types of easements
        • 1.to do or not to do
          • affirmative easement积极地役权
            • 允许你在他人的土地上做什么
              • eg：right of way路权
          • negative easement消极地役权
            • 不允许你在他人的土地上做什么 （禁止供役地所有权人从事某种行为的地役权）
        • 2.
          • an easement appurtenant从属地役权（可随土地流转runs with the land）
          • an easement in gross（总地役权/不需要牵扯需役地的地役权）
            • 一般为政府的电力设施
        • 3.
          • an easement by necessity： 是指需役地完全被供役地包围，想要达到special purpose只有一种选择
      • elements of the easement
        • interest in land of another(有在他人土地上享有权益的需求)
        • agreement
        • nonpossessory(只是使用权，而不是占有或所有)
        • description of easement area(应该对地役权的区域又一个详尽的描述)
      • creaction
        • by express grant
          • must be in writing and signed by the grantor
          • 可以通过conveyance来获得
        • by reservation
          • 地役权人虽然是将这块地转让给了他人，但仍然有权使用一段时间
        • by implication
          • 按照惯例自古以来就有的
          • created by an easement by necessity
        • by prescription
          • adverse possession
      • termination
        • a limited period time 到期后自然终止，而且不能被供役地权人单方面终止